The Scope Of The E Business

The Scope Of The E Business The electronic business, and talks about like; electronic Business; or; e-business; can be defined as information and communication technologies (ICT) to support all the economic activities. The commerce is the interchange of products and services between the companies and you can see the groups and the individuals, like one of the basic activities in any business. Electronic business and centers in the use of the ICT to allow the external activities, and labor relations with the individuals, the groups and other companies. The internet: It creates or no, and the creation of the later part of the way of the Internet in 1969, during the cold war of the military of the United States. It was supposed to be communications network of the nuclear-test; Today, the Internet is separating by everybody, and consists of networks and the countless computers, allowing that million people interchange the information. It is the transference of the data transmitted on long distances in the Internet in the big lines known collectively as the spine the Internet. And now the Internet of suppliers of important services of the Internet such as WorldCom and MCI, Sprint is maintained and, GTE, American National Standard, and UUNET. Because these suppliers do enormous amounts of yield of the Internet, and are motivated to maintain constant and fast the communication, that will benefit to the users from the daily Internet like you and me. World Wide Web: A system for Internet that supports the coordination of special documents. Formatted documents in an increase in the price language have been called HTML (Hypertext Mark up Language) the language of the increase in the price of the hypertext that connections to other documents, as well as supports graph, audio and video files. This means we jump of one document to another simply by on hot spotting to click. Not all web servers A part of the World Wide forms web. There its different applications to have called browsers of the web which it easy turning access into the World Wide Web; two of most popular Firefox and Microsoft Internet Explorer are. World Wide Web is not synonymous with Internet Extranet: Uses networks and Internet-protocols are the extranet private link network. Be possible on company are found intranet as part of external network that is extended to users outside the company, and usually by means of Internet. Such as other companies (between companies and matter, B2B) described at treating a selected group, in heat insulation of already other Internet the users examined Internet as a means. On the one hand, the communication with users is known by the consumer and has been known the company sector and (B2C) the models of the consumer involving servers and one or more of the companies. E-business and e-commerce: in 1997 IBM (www.ibm.com/e-business) to use the term to promote its services was one of the first suppliers: E-business (ebizNis) -through the use of Internet technologies the transformation of key business processes . E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet. Some Differences between B2B and B2C E-Commerce: o B2C for each of the goods sold flat rate retail price it offer spot sourcing contract management. o B2B transaction to establish the price based it involves negotiation terms on which other factors for example carrier, warranty coverage, logistics preferences and volume-based pricing etc. will be decided. o B2C the business to spend on expensive, extensive infrastructure it does not require. o B2B requires in integrating the systems of the organization huge amounts to be involved in spent the process as well as those of its business partners that made time consuming, raising many questions about security and expensive etc. o B2C e-commerce used defined profiles and email promotions just involves. o B2B e-commerce studying order history data it needs the involvement of complex issues, for example locations, the preferences of trading partners, payment records etc. Between B2B and business-to-consumer e-commerce these are just some of the main differences. There are companies that offer services as well as products to help run business successfully. 1.2. Benefits: When we access internet we find so many sites on it. When we open it we also get some useful information about the topic. Through website we can do shopping, marketing, sales, advertise, business, etc. the list is endless. For giving and getting information on a large scale just make a website and a reliable hosting company for our self. Sometimes it is expensive but sometimes it is not so, this is because if we get a good host that offers us good services and keep our website updated according to its and market need, is not a venture of loss. Knowledge of Products: We can now increase our business not only determining the local market but the international market too for improving the growth of your business with no difficulty. By following this website business we can definitely change the way and nature of your business. We can also stretch or make more elastic diversity of your products to millions of our unknown site users. We can allow our products to be in view for all the time on net. Through website we can extend our business hours for selling and purchasing of goods. Freedom of having Website: We can put any information on our site at any time of the day in order to be viewed by the internet surfers and your website users. We can change or add the information according to our numbers of time in a day. Through internet we can browse any business site and can expand our business to those you do not know. Through increased internet users our business can develop and attain growth on net. On net you face even more challenging market and companies with hundred million of customers at this new market place without making us worried. Low cost Advantage: Being on net we have to be more aware for the growth of your business by applying new challenging tactics that can be useful for us to remain in competition. We can increase our business by advertising our products and services without spending a large amount and time loss activities on printing and distribution. We get a higher value added cost for our product as the market is international and expanded one as compared to the local city market with only handful of customers. We can also add the facility of ecommerce for our site users and customers. Through this facility our old customer and our prospective customer can place order and purchase our products with the services we offer them online. We can reduce the expenses like telephone calls, distribution costs, printing etc and also by increasing some hi-tech facilities like emails, promotion of your product through website, with extended business hours without our presence and we can send out your less promotional product with a small cost plan. Nature of e-business: In e-business again on the subject of trust, Daughtrey (2001) refers to the conditions of consumers expect purchasing from the Internet or when conducting business with: Generalised perception of supplier or reputation. Confidentiality and privacy, security for Customer expectations. Supplier provided by Assurances for example guarantees. Other customers reports. For example a history of prior transactions If the customer has, additional factors may be: Order fulfilment accuracy. Order fulfilment Timeliness. With customer relations Nature of any interactions. Any disputes Resolution. From the supplier Subsequent communications. With whom customer information was shared any communications from other suppliers. 1.3. Nature of e-business communication: MassMass communicationcommunicationcommunication refers to the process of transferring or transmitting a message to a large group of people. Typically, this requires the use of some form of the media, including newspapers, television and the internet. Personal communication begins when two people are aware of each other. You dont need to know each others name, even dont need to talk. When two persons eyes meet, and two people realize there is a person right there. The communication has just begun. internet communication Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information never leaves the corporate or organizations network, are much more secure, although in any organization there will be IT and other personnel whose job may involve monitoring, and occasionally accessing, the e-mail of other employees not addressed to them. 2. How the internet works: 2.1. How messages are transferred across the Internet: Internet technology The transfer encoding scheme that is used to transfer messages comprising strings of 8-bit bytes. With the aid of a time sequence diagram, use the list of FTP command and reply messages to show a typical exchange of messages to carry out the transfer of a named file from the file system on a server to the file system on a client. 2.2. Introduction to HTML: HTML is a language for describing web pages. HTML stands for Hyper Text Mark-up Language. HTML is not a programming language; it is a mark-up language. A mark-up language is a set of mark-up tags. HTML uses mark-up tags to describe web pages. Clients, servers and browsers: Client-server model of the customer of fact processing is the structure of the application of the distribution of tasks which the sections or the workload between service providers, frequently communicate serve called servers, and the student, and called customers and the customers and the servers concerning a computer network on separate hardware, but both the customer has a server who in the system himself it is established. The machine of the server is the host who puts one or more of the server software in functioning these resources with customers shares. The customer must share none of their resources, but the functionality of the service requests the server for the contents or. And beginning then with meetings with customers connects servers who (listening) the received registrations wait. Supplies, and expresses it to win web browser and the application of information resources on the World Wide. 2.3. Intranets and extranets: The intranet is an information portal that specific for small and internal communication means or large ventures, companies and governments, the industries, financial institutions is devised of any size or complexity Extranets, slightly same as the intranet. External networks are devised the state specifically, and limited entrance to some files of the computer systems to give which we have had: Some large customers or privileges, Specific the industry partners, Suppliers and subcontractorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Etc. E-business models The five business models: the different ways in which the internet may be used to generate revenue by supporting the sale of a product, or service for example CDs, flights; supplying electronic information, or media services for example reports or music; charging per transaction for the provision of a service for example airline booking; charging a subscription for an information service for example news; advertising revenue, from an attractive website the internet can be used for selling a product, or service: 1. To a good place start is in the auction site on Internet. There are a lot of sales by auction which on Internet are specialised and unspecialised auctions that examine on Internet can be found. 2. A lot of service providers of Internet and web folders of research engines the property of Classifieds which can be used to solicit to other agencies on Internet to sell. 3. Found on the bulletin Council and the newsgroups which specialise themselves in this point (s) that you tries it reported sell and from to spread out to include your advertisement. 4. If we maintain an Internet site of the private sector or the homepage, and our point (s) at our place advertises. 5. Taking photos everything wants sell you, raises it very the chances of selling them. Differentiate between other business models for generating revenue from the internet: Distinction between the other company models to produce turnover of Internet. There five business models: 1. To enter 2. Supplying electronic information 3. Charge for each operation 4. The levy of prices 5. Declaration of income We can continue to the shares by means of Internet or for matter Internet Or If we or you have any cooperation. Then we can be advertised Or We can treat complete control of our work and have during the fact search All thanks to the turnovers of Internet.. Revenue from Internet! Identify other uses of the internet which may not generate revenue Several disadvantages can be obtained due to inadequate planning of the e-business strategy. For instance, it could lead to productivity losses, including loss of both existing and new staff and economic loss. The absence of an e-business plan may also lead to false starts and personal losses, which can occur as stakeholders become frustrated and disappointed over the general mission (2002). On the bright side, these losses are avoidable. In support of the creation of an e-business plan. Website design 4.1. Elements of a web page that may be used by search engines How Search Engines Work Crawler-based search engine of the strap linked on the basis of the evidence that human-drove both they to describe the term of the Search Engine; it is of frequent use generally. In radically diverse collection of the ways of listings in both types of motors of the search. Crawler-Based Search Engines Crawler-based search on the basis of the strap linked by an example for example of Google create their own lists automatically. They spider or crawl in the Internet, then the search finds people. The Strap-based motors of the search look for these changes in the end of the day if we had to change to Web pages, and how it is mentioned that can affect to us. The body copy, the titles of the page and other elements all play a role. Human-Powered Directories Evidence of human-powered for an example of the Open Directory, of the lists, depends on humans. We offer to the directory and a brief description of the entire site, or editors to review sites that you write one. The sponsor of the descriptions of research looks for games only. Hybrid Search Engines It used to be in the days on the Internet early on that the search engine lists presented either human-powered or on the basis of the results Crawler. This will be quite common today for both types of results. Typically, one kind of lists on another search engine hybrid will fit. For example, the look of a smart MSN Search is more likely to submit lists of human energy. However, it also displays the results on the basis of creeping, and also for more obscure queries. 4.2. What makes a website easy for the visitor to use: Always let the visitor know where they are located in the website. When building a website dont make the user learn the navigation or absorb significant new ways of doing things in order to access the content. Navigation choices should be available. Visual feedback such as subtle rollovers is often a good idea to improve the website to make it easier to the consumer. 4.3. Consideration should be taken to make a web page attractive to the visitor: consideration should be taken to make a web page attractive to the visitor through Easy navigation, Originality Creativity, Harmony of colours images. (1) Content, Grammatical Spelling Errors. (2)HTML: Reasonable loading time, Screen resolution compatibility, (3) Big No Nos: No distracting backgrounds, No saturation of advertisements, No poor quality animations, NO HYPE! No Background Music, Dont Over-do the Extras. Capital One does not provide financial education system and the abundance of information. The only qualm we have with their system is the lack of interactive features and financial instruments. We would like to see something more than just publishing articles cardholder can be made through the face. Education systems of financial tools are very useful because it allows the cardholder additional information about credit and money management. We can access your monthly statement, schedule payments online, and check our balance from any internet access around the globe. If we have trouble remembering to pay your bill on time, go to the website and set up an automatic withdrawal from our checking account so that we never miss another payment and never have to worry about late fees accumulating on our card and accruing interest. We did not hassle offered 24 / 7 account access and account alerts for free on the Internet. Each of these features makes banking easier and less expensive. It would be access 24 / 7 account holder allows manage their accounts online from any computer with an Internet connection. Alerts free account is a great tool, which amount to the cardholder if they are approaching the credit limit or if the bill is paid off. By using this feature, you can avoid a lot of fees is not necessary. This is why in my view; capital one site is better than this site MBNA. Conclusion: the widespread adoption of the internet and the web means that all business can now operate globally, expand the customer base, compete effectively, process orders, payments and deliveries. References: Apte, Chindanand, Bing Liu, Edwin P.D. Pednault and Padhraic Smyth (2002) Business Application of Data Mining, Communication of the ACM, 45 August Brahm Canzer, 2006, E-business: strategic thinking and practice, p-176, published by Charles Hartford. Ravi Kalakota, Marcia Robinson, 2001, E-business 2.0: roadmap for success, pp-44, 47,2nd Ed, published by Pearson education corporate. Retrieved on 10th may 2010 http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/08/internet-and-e-business.html Retrieved on 15th may 2010 www.guardian.co.uk/online website of The Guardian newspaper

Frizza †Frozen Pizza Marketing Plan Essay

The current size of pizza market in India is INR 1750 crores and is growing at the rate of 25-30% per year. But there is almost no presence of the frozen pizza in India. Contrasting this to the USA where frozen pizza industry accounts for 13.6% of total USD 40 billion pizza industry. Thus there exists an opportunity to launch a product in this area. In this report, we are trying to achieve the following: market research to gauge consumer behaviour and preferences, followed by Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning for frozen pizza product in India and finally building a marketing strategy to launch it. We started with the Porter’s Five Forces analysis. We found out that Intensity of Industry Competition was low to medium, Availability of Substitutes was low to medium, Potential Entrants were High, Buyer Power was low and Supplier Power was low-medium. This was followed by primary research where we took surveys (online and live). This was supplemented with secondary research to find out the various aspects of consumer behaviour. The core benefits were identified as â€Å"Easy to Cook† and â€Å"Tasty Food†. Generally, the decision makers are the young earning professionals or the earning member of the family/housewife. In case of the housewife, their decisions are normally influenced by their pestering children. We then did market segmentation basis various methods like customer characteristics (geographic, demographic, socio economic, psychographic), buying situation (consumption rate, consumer predispositions), mediagraphics and personas. We decided to target people in age group of more than 23 years of age with earnings of more than 2 lakhs per annum. We thus positioned our product as – To all those who want a comfortable life and who love good & healthy food, Frizza is a unique looking product that lets you enjoy the taste of heaven, saves your time and is there for you – Anytime you want it. The product was named as â€Å"Frizza† with the tagline – â€Å"Anytime Pizza†. We then decided the marketing strategy. Starting with Product decision, we saw that Frizza is differentiated from its competitors like Dominos basis 4 main parameters – (i) Lower price at same taste; (ii) Convenience factor (of using the product anytime rather than just 12 hours during which a restaurant is open); (iii) Square shape rather than circular shape, which would appeal to children and adults alike; (iv) Emotional satisfaction for mothers coming out of the feeling that she has cooked a meal for her children. We then decided various characteristics of the product like toppings, etc. basis results from the survey. Due to many reasons as explained in the report, the pricing came to as 30-40% lower than that of competition like Dominos’s. In terms of the place, we decided to launch the product only in cities given the infrastructural constraints at the beginning. The retail channels were decided as supermarkets, speciality stores and super stores, thus following the selective distribution strategy. Various promotional activities (both ATL and BTL) like television ads, Facebook, newspapers, events, etc. were planned. Finally, financial analysis was done to conclude the breakeven point as 7 quarters. MOTIVATION: The pizza industry in India is mainly divided into 2 formats – dine in and take away. The current size of pizza market in India is INR 1750 crores and is growing at the rate of 25-30% per year. The holding company of the current market leader, i.e. Dominos grew 9 times from INR 155 crores in 2007 to INR 1407 crores in 2013 brining the annual growth rate to an amazing figure of 45%. But there are gaps in the market. First, the pizza stores are limited in number, reach and timing. Thus accessibility is limited. Secondly, although pizzas at lower price points are available, higher end pizzas or pizzas offering variety of toppings cost upward of INR 200 per pizza. Thus, there is scope to use low pricing as a competitive advantage. Hence comes the frozen concept to fulfil the existing gaps. This concept is already prevalent in developed countries. In USA for example, frozen pizza industry accounts for 13.6% of total USD 40 billion pizza industry. As per Frozen food global industry guide from Market Line, sale of frozen pizza & ready meal market globally account for 41.1% of overall frozen food market. Also, Asia-Pacific is the largest market for frozen foods, accounting for 34.3% of global market value, and supermarkets and hypermarkets form the leading distribution channel for frozen food account for 70.2% of the market’s value. OBJECTIVE: In this report, we are trying to achieve the following: market research to gauge consumer behaviour and preferences, followed by Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning for frozen pizza product in India and finally building a marketing strategy to launch it. METHODOLOGY: Primary research: We had two kinds of approach towards primary research. We prepared a comprehensive questionnaire to gauge the demographic, socio-economic & psychographic traits and market reaction towards the existing products and willingness to pay of respondents for the frozen pizza product. We conducted live surveys in the nearby malls (Gopalan Mall and Meenakshi Mall) during peak days (a Sunday and the Independence Day) by distribution of questionnaire among people of different age, gender and income groups for example college goers, mothers, single men, married couples etc. We also collected online responses across diverse geographic and professional groups via social networking sites and emails. Secondary research: We used online resources to study the global frozen pizza markets and potential growth of the same in Indian markets and to gather information about the existing players and their positioning. FINDINGS: 1. Porter’s Five Forces to Understand Industry Competitiveness: Intensity of Industry Competition: Low-Medium ï‚ · Number of firms- There are large no of players in Indian Pizza market. These include the market leader Dominos, Pizza hut, Papa john’s, Pizza corner, Pizza Express, Smoking Joes, Amul and Local Pizza Producers. But there is no popular brand in frozen Pizza other than Amul. ï‚ · Highly concentrated market (Low HHI)- The market is highly concentrated with high HHI of approx 4700.Dominos leads the market with 67% market share with its 600+ stores. Pizza hut is second with around 20% market share and 180 + stores. Others have market share from 2-5% with 20-40 Stores. Share of Amul is very low. ï‚ · Demand Supply mismatch- As per our estimates; there is clearly no supply in the market, although there seems to be strong demand. Availability of Substitutes: Low-Medium ï‚ · Buyer propensity to substitute –Though overall competition is high, Competitors in the frozen pizza market segment are low; therefore buyer propensity to substitute is very low. ï‚ · Product differentiation & Pricing- The products offered by most of the Pizza producers are similar and there is no differentiation in product currently. The number of products available at comparatively lower prices is less. Potential Entrants: High ï‚ · Attractive Market-Indian quick service restaurant industry is estimated to be 6000 Cr and is expected to reach 18000 Cr by 2018. The pizza industry is expected to grow at a CAGR 25-28%. ï‚ · Low Entry Barriers and low exit barriers- The capital requirement is comparable to other product providers in the market and is not massive in any way. Even the exit barriers are less. ï‚ · Big brands-Big global brands like Papa Murphy, Little Caesers are not in India yet and there is potential threat of them Entering India. McCain though not in frozen Pizzas, may enter in the future. Buyer Power: Low ï‚ · Uniqueness- Frozen Pizza is still a unique concept in India and the firms providing it are also less. ï‚ · Large no. of buyers –The large no of Buyers with very few suppliers of frozen Pizza, decreases the bargaining power of buyer. ï‚ · Switching cost- The current pricing structure of big brands which is very similar also decreases the power of consumers, forcing them to buy from the available options. Supplier Power: Low-Medium ï‚ · Material Suppliers- There is large number of suppliers for ingredients like flour, vegetables, etc. The suppliers for Cheese and imported vegetables are less and so they have more power. ï‚ · In-house technology-The technology used by most of the Pizza Manufacturer is in-house, which reduces supplier’s negotiation power. Amul Frozen Pizza: Foreseeing the growth of the frozen food market in India, Amul launched frozen pizza in 2001 in Gujarat. It planned to introduce the product all over India through its already existing channel. But it failed to capture the market and had to close the product category soon. It could not adapt to the changes that the Indian quick restaurant and the Pizza market were undergoing in that period. The pricing of Amul Pizza was Rs 45 for a small Pizza which was very high at that time. Also, the product was not positioned well in the market and proper segmentation was not done. But recently, Amul has re-launched its frozen pizza product. 2. Consumer Behaviour: Primary market research: We received 161 responses (43 offline & 118 online responses) for our survey. The survey data was then filtered based on our target segment (discussed later) – Employed/Earning member of the family in the age group of 24-41 with more than 2 lakh/annum salary of household. Thus, 83 of our respondents fell under our target market. Core values & Benefits sought by the consumers: Based on our survey, we came to know that, 27% consumers take pizza, whenever they feel ‘Too lazy to cook’, and 40% take pizza for ‘Lunch or Dinner’. The core benefits thus are â€Å"Easy to Cook† and â€Å"Tasty Food†. Hence our product must be designed to satisfy these core benefits. In addition to this, following are the results for various factors as rated by the respondents. These are on a scale of 1 to 5 with 1 as least important and 5 as most important. Decision Making Unit: Based on our primary market research, it is evident that 55% of our customers who are in the age group of 24-41 are variety-lovers and they used to try latest trends & products. Generally, the earning member of the family or the housewife makes the purchase decision. But their decisions are normally influenced by their pestering children. Decision Making: The taste and variety of the food forms the basic evaluation criteria for the purchase decision. Majority of the respondents are passive in information search. And, out of various medium of information, people preferred to spend time on TV and the list is followed by the social networking sites. 3. Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning: Segmentation: Market research results helped in identifying the market segments. We will use below three broad bases on which we will identify our target market. (a) Based on Customer Characteristic: Geographic: We expect large no. of customers to come mainly from metro cities in India. Based on our survey, we see less familiarity with the frozen pizza product in Bangalore despite it being one of the biggest cities in India. We expect the situation to be much worse in smaller cities. Ever had Frozen Pizza before? Disinterested Demographic: The general market segment can be divided in younger generation with an age group between 12-23 years, Mid-age working people who can spend money on high quality frozen pizzas with their high disposable income and 35+ women mothers who make the Pizza purchase decision for their kids. Socioeconomic: We can target SEC middle segment of B2&C along with upper segment of A2&B1. Psychographic: Based on VALS framework, we have identified 3 major segments (out of 8) as following: ï‚ · Strivers – They are resource constrained people with high elasticity of demand, who like variety in general and would be keen to try new products offered at an attractive price. ï‚ · Achievers – This segment has goal-oriented people with a deep commitment to career. They are looking for timesaving alternatives in marketplace. ï‚ · Believers – They are conservative, conventional people with established routine and exhibit high brand loyalty. They are predictable and favor familiar brands. (b) Based on Buying Situation: Consumption Behavior/Usage Rate: Through the survey we identified people with varying consumption frequency of pizza from weekly to monthly. The typical 80/20 rule where 80% of firms sales are obtained from 20% of customers, doesn’t apply in our context. Consumer Predispositions/Product knowledge & Attitude: Some of the non-earning teenagers show willingness to pay a higher price and ability to afford high discretionary expenses. There is another segment with an indifferent attitude towards the product. (c) Based on Mediagraphics: It is a new term in marketing literature describing media viewing habits of customers. It helps identify type of promotional media consumer prefers. (TV, radio, internet etc.) SOCIAL NETWORKING (d) Personas: Basis the above inputs, we made the following personasAnjali (16): College-going student who lives with her parents and spends most of the time with her college friends. She has a large circle of girl friends with a very busy social life. She doesn’t have a strong brand loyalty and currently consumes pizza from all available major brands by taking turns. She is also very active on social networking sites. Rahul (27): Rahul is an unmarried IT engineer. His work life is very hectic and often eats out or gets food delivered at home. He lives in an apartment and is earning reasonably well. He spends lot of time on Internet but doesn’t have a very busy social life, virtual or otherwise. He is bit health conscious and when it comes about Pizza, he largely sticks with Dominos as his preferred brand. He likes their speedy delivery and ease of ordering. Mrs. Bhargav (40): Mrs. Bhargav is a working mother who has a 9 to 5 job. She has two kids less than 10 years of age. She earns well for herself and often buys pizza for her kids depending as and when they insist. She doesn’t use Internet match but follows some TV programs very closely. Because of her workload, she often gets tired after coming back from office and doesn’t like idea of home cooked fullfledged meal every day. Targeting: Criteria while picking target segmentCriteria

All About Ronald Reagan, The 40th U.S. President

Reagan was born on February 6, 1911 in Tampico, Illinois. He worked at various jobs growing up. He had a very happy childhood. He was taught to read by his mother when he was five. He attended local public schools. He then enrolled at Eureka College in Illinois where he played football and made average grades. He graduated in 1932. Family Ties: Father: John Edward Jack Reagan - Shoe salesman.Mother: Nelle Wilson Reagan.Siblings: One older brother.Wife: 1) Jane Wyman - Actress. They were married from January 26, 1940 until they divorced on June 28, 1948. 2) Nancy Davis - Actress. They were married on March 4, 1952.Children: One daughter by first wife - Maureen. One adopted son with first wife - Michael. One daughter and one son by second wife - Patti and Ronald Prescott. Ronald Reagans Career Before the Presidency: Reagan began his career as a radio announcer in 1932. He became the voice of Major League Baseball. In 1937, he became an actor with a seven year contract with Warner Brothers. He moved to Hollywood and made about fifty movies. Reagan was elected Screen Actors Guild President in 1947 and served until 1952 and again from 1959-60. In 1947, he testified before the House concerning Communist influences in Hollywood. From 1967-75, Reagan was the Governor of California. World War II: Reagan was part of the Army Reserve and was called  to active duty after Pearl Harbor. He was in the Army from 1942-45 rising to the level of Captain. However, he never took part in combat and stated stateside. He narrated training films and was in the Army Air Force First Motion Picture Unit. Becoming the President: Reagan was the obvious choice for the Republican nomination in 1980. George Bush was chosen to run as his vice president. He was opposed by President Jimmy Carter. The campaign centered on inflation, the gasoline shortage, and the Iran hostage situation. Reagan won with 51% of the popular vote and 489 out of 538 electoral votes. Life After the Presidency: Reagan retired after his second term in office to California. In 1994, Reagan announced that he had Alzheimers Disease and left public life. He died of pneumonia on June 5, 2004. Historical Significance: Reagans largest significance was his role in helping bring down the Soviet Union. His massive buildup of weapons which the USSR could not match and his friendship with Premier Gorbachev helped usher in a new era of openness which eventually caused the breakup of the USSR into individual states. His presidency was marred by the events of the Iran-Contra Scandal. Events and Accomplishments of Ronald Reagan’s Presidency: Soon after Reagan took office, an assassination attempt was made on his life. On March 30, 1981, John Hinckley, Jr. shot six rounds at Reagan. He was hit by one of the bullets which caused a collapsed lung. His Press Secretary James Brady, policeman Thomas Delahanty, and Secret Service agent Timothy McCarthy were also all hit. Hinckley was found not guilty by reason of insanity and was committed to a mental institution. Reagan adopted an economic policy whereby tax cuts were created to help increase savings, spending, and investment. Inflation went down and after a time so did unemployment. However, a huge budget deficit was created. A lot of terrorist acts occurred during Reagans time in office. For example, in April 1983 an explosion occurred at the U.S. embassy in Beirut. Reagan claimed that five countries typically harbored aided terrorists: Cuba, Iran, Libya, North Korea, and Nicaragua. Further, Muammar Qaddafi was singled out as the primary terrorist. One of the major issues of Reagans second administration was the Iran-Contra Scandal. This involved several individuals throughout the administration. In exchange for selling arms to Iran, money would be given to the revolutionary Contras in Nicaragua. The hope was also that by selling arms to Iran, terrorist organizations would be willing to give up hostages. However, Reagan had spoken out that America would never negotiate with terrorists. The revelations of the Iran-Contra scandal caused one of the major scandals of the 1980s.In 1983, the U.S. invaded Grenada to rescue threatened Americans. They were rescued and the leftists were overthrown.One of the most important events that occurred during Reagans administration was the growing relationship between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Reagan created a bond with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev who instituted a new spirit of openness or glasnost. This would eventually lead to the downfall of the Soviet Union during President George H. W. Bushs term in office.

Crime Of Power And Control - 1807 Words

Chapter One: Introduction Backround of the Study Stalking, according to The National Institute of Justice, October, 2007, is defined as a crime of power and control, is conservatively defined as â€Å" a course of conduct directed to a specific person that involves repeated (two or more occasions) visual or physical proximity, non-consensual communication or verbal, written, or implied threats, or a combination thereof that would cause a reasonable person fear†. Stalking behaviors may also include persistence patterns of leaving or sending the victim unwanted items or presents that may range from seemingly romantic to bizarre, following or laying in wait or the victim, damaging or threatening to damage the victims property, defaming the victim character, or harassing the victim via the internet by posting by posting personal information or spreading rumors about the victim. Stalking can be carried out by two methods in person and electronic mechanisms (phone, fax, GPS, cameras, computer spyware and the internet/social media). According to a National Institute of Justice violence survey in 2007, 1 in 6 women and 1 in 19 men nationwide have been stalked during their lifetime. For both females and males victims, stalking was often committed by people they knew or with whom they had a relationship. Two thirds of the females victims of stalking (66.2%) reported stalking by a current or former intimate partner and nearly oneShow MoreRelatedCrime Control Model And The Due Process Model903 Words   |  4 Pagesthe crime control model and the due process model. There has been several debates on which model is the most effective in combating crime in America. Crime control model emphasizes on crime reduction by increasing prosecution powers (Hung-En, 2006). 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Application of Ethical Theories - 12285 Words

The role of ethical theories in ethical reasoning and behavior within organizations - Research proposal Sigalit Pasternak, Phd student The Faculty of Management Tel Aviv University Supervisor: Dr. Ishak Saporta Introduction Business ethics is a specialized branch of ethics focusing on how moral standards apply to business organizations and behavior (Velasques, 1998). As such, it cannot be understood separately from the general ideas of ethics, and the general ethical theories apply to business ethics as well (Hunt Vitell, 1986; Fritzsche Becker, 1984; Schumann, 2001; Lahdesnati, 2005). Normative ethical theory offers different moral theories, each prescribing a set of moral rules that individuals can apply in the process of deciding†¦show more content†¦Finally, most of the empirical research on the connection between ethical theories and ethical reasoning is carried out in separation from research on the ethical decision-making process. Although there is a consensus as to the role of important individual and contextual components on ethical decision making within organizations (for review, see Kish – Gephart, Harrison and Trevino, 2010 Meta analysis), relatively little is known about the effect of these components on ethical reasoning within organizations. The third objective of this research is to explore the link between different individual and environmental factors and the application of different ethical theories in ethical reasoning. The proposed research can generate a theoretical contribution to the literature on ethical decision making within organizations in several ways. First, the research attempts to resolve the differences in past research finding in regard to the role of ethical theories in ethical reasoning by examining the connection between the specific content and context of ethical dilemmas and the ethical rule or theory applied by individuals to explain their resolution. 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Victory in the Civil War Free Essays

African Americans have had a long and painful encounter with subjugation, oppression and brutality. Their history is undeniably plagued with inhumane treatment and violence simply on the basis of their skin color. Man stooped to its lowest possible status when he began discriminating against people on color and race. We will write a custom essay sample on Victory in the Civil War or any similar topic only for you Order Now No single race has had as unfortunate a history as African Americans who were rudely denied their rights during slavery era and were arrogantly kept away from the same after emancipation. Many blacks were hopeful of a better life when Abraham Lincoln declared emancipation for every black slave in the country. However since he himself died soon after, Blacks faced an uphill task getting their due share of public place during Reconstruction and prior to the Civil Rights Movement in 1960s. Victory in the Civil War of 1860s had assured African-Americans that they would get equal rights in the United States which however was one promise that did not materialize for very long. African-Americans were looked down upon in the South and they did not even have the right to sit next to white people in public buses. In the South black people were required to sit at the back as front seats were reserved for whites. This was a highly unfair law, which caused humiliation to many blacks especially a professor named Jo Ann Robinson. Blacks who were desirous of equal rights started the civil rights movement in 1950s to uphold Thomas Jefferson’s democratic ideals, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights; that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. â€Å"[1]) Reconstruction should have been a time to rejoice and celebrate for blacks in the South. But that was not the case. Blacks suffered immensely at the hands of severe racial differences that plagued the country and had sharpened with the proclamation. The administration did little or nothing to ease the transition process. Frederick Douglass expressed his disappointment in these words: â€Å"You say you have emancipated us. You have; and I thank you for it. But what is your emancipation? When the Israelites were emancipated they were told to go and borrow of their neighbors—borrow their coin, borrow their jewels, load themselves down with the means of subsistence; after, they should go free in the land which the Lord God gave them†¦But when You turned us loose, you gave us no acres. You turned us loose to the sky, to the storm, to the whirlwind, and, worst, of all you turned us loose to the wrath of our infuriated masters. † A long series of struggles began when reconstruction failed to make the dream of liberty come true. Voting rights were not yet granted to blacks and to make matters worse racial segregation had not been abolished in schools and other departments. Racial segregation in schools was a major sign of discrimination because young generation of blacks who were born free was forced to encounter unfair treatment without their being any legal support for the same. Slavery was no longer there in practice but it could still be felt in such actions of the people. Discrimination on the basis of race was reflected by things such as black people riding at the back of the bus, racial segregation in school, equal and separate principle and no voting rights or job opportunities for blacks. Before 1950s, things were not even moving in the right direction. Everything was intensely unequal for blacks including access to education and jobs. But 1950s and following decades changed the fate of black community as more than a century after initial emancipation, they were finally given some of the civil rights they had dreamt of. But these rights were not offered on a silver platter. Blacks had to consistently fight for their rights and there were a series of court cases that upheld the democratic ideals and opened doors to more freedom and equality for blacks. One such prominent and irreplaceable in significance was the Brown vs. Board of Education case of 1954. There is no case in education board’s history that has played a more important role or has served as a bigger judicial turning point than this case. In the history of important cases, Brown vs. Board of Education occupies a top slot because of its impact not only on education system in the country but on the fate of African Americans in United States. It just changed the way Americans handled issue of human rights. In 1950s, racial segregation in schools was a norm. While schools were required to be equal in quality of education, they were also meant to be separate. It was found that even equality principle was not followed in spirit since most black schools offered education which inferior in quality. In 1849, a similar case Roberts vs. City of Boston surfaced to challenge the education system of racial segregation but nothing concrete came out of this. In fact Benjamin Roberts and other African American parents were denied the right to enroll their children in selected Boston schools. In other words, this case upheld racial segregation. A few years later, in 1855 segregation in schools was abolished by Massachusetts legislature. However it was more in theory than practice. In 1896 came the important case of Plessy v. Ferguson where United States Supreme Court called for separate but equal access to various facilities to African Americans. This landmark case however denied blacks a chance to achieve complete equality because based on this declaration; blacks were offered separate facilities in restaurants, public transport, hotels and education. Several other cases surfaced since the Roberts case in 1849 and by 1949 court had made little or no effort to strike down racial segregation. Brown vs. Board of Education case was filed from Kansas. Before this case, some eleven school cases had emerged between 1881 and 1949 in Kansas. None however managed to bring about any real change in school segregation system. In 1908, The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded and this organization helped black people achieve equality by providing them with legal counsel and funding whenever needed. Linda Brown was a third grade student whose father Oliver Brown wanted to admit her to a white school in the neighborhood since Linda had to walk miles everyday to reach her black school. She was denied admission in the white school and this resulted in Brown seeking help from McKinley Burnett, the head of Topeka’s branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). NAACP was more than willing to assist since they finally had the â€Å"the right plaintiff at the right time. â€Å"[2] In his testimony, Dr. Hugh W. Speer, an expert witness explained that segregation was unhealthy and unfair to black students: â€Å"†¦ if the colored children are denied the experience in school of associating with white children, who represent 90 percent of our national society in which these colored children must live, then the colored child’s curriculum is being greatly curtailed. The Topeka curriculum or any school curriculum cannot be equal under segregation. â€Å"[3] The case continued for several months and in May 1954, the court in its landmark decision struck down separate but equal clause and called for school integration. In his ruling Chief Justice Earl Warren said: â€Å"We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment†. [4] The case was seen as a colossal step in the right direction as it gave more encouragement to civil rights movement which ultimately resulted in a much better world for the blacks. REFERENCES [1] Dr. Howard O. Lindsey, â€Å"A History of Black America†, pg. 34-35 [2] Edward W. Knappman, ed. , Great American Trials (Detroit: Visible Ink, 1994) 467. [3] Knappman 467. [4] Benjamin Munn Ziegler, ed. , Desegregation and the Supreme Court (Boston: D. C. Heath and Company, 1958) 78-79 How to cite Victory in the Civil War, Papers

Mathematising and Contextualising

Question: Discuss about the Mathematising and Contextualising. Answer: Critical Numeracy Critical Numeracy is a term that refers to the capability to make perceptive and keen judgemental decisions concerning the whole range of critical issues using mathematical ideas. Numeracy is the capability to use mathematics in analyzing critically every issue arising as a means of participating in the community as well as governance. This makes critical numeracy crucial when working on all critical issues to give it meaning and make it simpler. It works in conjunction with other literacy and lenses apart from the critical numeracy lens that includes; emotional, spiritual, ethical, aesthetic, historical, social and many others eventually building capacity for wise citizenship. This concept can be used to devise assessment of any question of study from the classroom to the various fields of study. Critical Numeracy builds the capacities of a person to ask a question about the meaning, validity, and usefulness of texts containing mathematical concepts. By applying numeracy lens, stude nts go deeper into a topic expanding on it and hence drawing more meaning out of statements of just figures (Mahmood, 2012). Mathematical tools such as averages help to give meaning to tabulated data, and by doing this, the researcher of the student can draw inferences from a research topic. Below is an example of how using a critical numeracy tools helps us understand and expound better on issues or information given; The following is the topic of an issue published in FACTACK, January 25th, 2017 by John Gramrich and Kim Parker; most officers say the media treat police unfairly. Just by reading the title, it's is not the clear proportion of the most police officers' and therefore this may be misleading or inaccurate (Askew, 2015). Before applying any critical numeracy tool, some steps must be followed; what are the terminologies being used in the context and what do they mean? For our case above it is worth noting terms like treat police unfairly' and try to figure out what they imply and their significance in the given context. What are the key mathematical concepts used in the text if any? At this stage, one should look out for any information given as figures, say, percentages or fractions. The next step is the meaning-making stage. In this stage the researcher should determine the following; what the next talks about. This refers to the topic under considerations of the text. In this case, the text refers to the inappropriate treatment of police officers by the media. Next, determine how the text refers to what we already know. Is there any information relating to this text we know and have proof of currently, from the recent future of the past relating to such topic? Are there known facts that prove the information in the text true or otherwise? There may be such a claim in the past, and the outcome gives us important clues as we go deeper to mathematize the problem (Stott, 2014). Determine how the already available information can be used to interpret the text, this may be figures of percentages, averages and so on. This kind of information can be used to hypothesize on the findings which are also an invaluable tool for mathematization. With this in mind, the researcher can also be led to explore further into the topic and come up with even more reliable finding than the ones available from basic surveys. Exploring further also adds meaning to the data. For the context we have above, after the mathematizing to percentages, it becomes evident that an officers age is also a contributing factor to the decision they make on the issue (Hogan, 2012). This is made evident by the percentage of the officers who strongly agree with the claim making up 46% of those below 44 years and only 36% of those older than that. How the Mathematical Concepts Make Sense Between the words used to describe the problem and the mathematical model we want to apply, which would express the information in a more comprehensive and credible manner? In the case of our issue above, the words alone appear vague since we do not know what proportion is most referring to. Percentages would make this claim more credible and therefore make it more understandable. The choice of mathematical concepts also determines how better the context is understood, e.g. percentages would analyze and model our context better than just tabulated figure hence they are better suited (Pather, 2012). Also, does the model improve the understanding of the context or just change its form of representation? Giving the number of those officers who agree on the claim and those who do not may just change the form in which the claim is represented but not how understandable and credible it is. To devise an appropriate mathematical concept it is inevitable to determine what is confusing in the context as it is so that the concept decided upon will solve that and make more comprehensive. For our case above, the statement most' is misleading in that it may be based on an individual's opinion due to some personal reasons and this can only be confirmed by using an appropriate mathematical concept (Eickelmann, 2012). Some statements may not be necessarily misleading but confusing, that means the person reading or interpreting them is not able to get meaning out of them. This is an important guideline as to which mathematical concept to use. Finally, while still making meaning out of a concept, it is crucial to determine whether there are other meanings than can be drawn from the same concept. For our case, the same concept may also mean that there is a conflict of interests between the police and the media and maybe this can be demonstrated mathematically using the same data gat hered (Epstein, 2010). This can bring an even meaningful idea that excludes the possibility of personal motives behind the formulation of the context. If our mathematical model can show that this is just a conflict of interest based on the same data collected, then it is clearer to the reader on what the problem is and there is no place left to attach opinions as is the case with just telling a person police are treated unfairly by the media'. After authenticating a mathematical model follows applying it in the given context. To do this, the numbers in the context are examined to ascertain whether they are significant or useful ("Overview - Numeracy in the News," 2017). In our case, percentages are widely used as opposed to exact numbers since different police departments have different numbers and also the decision as to agreeing or refusing is influenced by other factors such as age (Neel, 2007). Due to these reasons, using raw figures wouldn't simplify the meaning to the appropriate level. Numbers make it easy to comprehend the size of the agency, rather than saying; large or small' agency, it is better saying an agency with 2600 officers or 300 officer agency'. Once the numbers fit into the context, it is now clear the purpose of the text and the bigger picture can be seen. The bigger picture elaborates the picture even better and may make the researcher draw a different but more accurate conclusion. From our context, racial and ethnic lines are also a determining factor in the decision made by the individuals. To support this numerically, the percentage of those agree to the claim is higher amongst the white officers with 10% higher than those agreeing amongst the black officers (Neel, 2008). This shows that may be the reason the police are not in terms with media is that the media criticizes the police of mistreating the black race. This would also be the reason why the black officers do not seem to disagree so much with the media (Highfield, 2013). The high-ranking official also shows a tendency of disagreeing with this claim because regarding percentage those agreeing amongst the low-rank officers is 11% more than that of the high-rank officers. The preceding that is not an agreed upon the decision, and hence it may have some personal opinions. The figures give more meaning to the claim prompting the researcher to dig even deeper so that the context is better understood. The figures also point out on the relationship between what the officers thought about knowledge of police work by the public and their opinion on the above question. The officers who agree to the claim also tend to believe the public is unaware of their work whereas a smaller percentage of those who disagree with the claim believe the same. Again this can clearly be observed from the percentages; 56% among those who agree and only 25% for the ones who do not. After close observation through the critical numeracy lens, it is also evident that the later percentages are also lower amongst those who agree but not strongly compared to those who strongly agree by as much as 26%. Those officers, who thought the media treated them unfairly, are also more likely to see a disconnection between the public and themselves. This clearly shows that other factors other than the relationship between the officers and the media were the cause of their decision. There are also those who strongly agree and those whose just agree which is evidence of variation the view of the issue even among those who agree with it. This calls for further research is the bigger picture and is only realized when a critical numeracy lens is applied (Paige, 2008). The bigger picture now leads to a possibility of looking at the context from different viewpoints. The claim that the media mistreats the officers can be viewed as not resulting from the medias fault but from the actions of the police which call for criticism. It can also be that the media are not carrying out positive criticism and instead they are accusing the police offensively in public. This again begs the question who is offending who? which also gives another viewpoint to the problem. It can also be view as if one of the two parties is playing hero and they are just hitting back at each other since it is clear the claim is not unitary on the officers viewpoint (Dole, 2013). The claim by the police can be applied to validate the claim which would conceal malpractices in their department which are evident since not all the officers agree to the claim. If it is assumed that the media are criticizing the police offensively, it may obscure the media's role in pinpointing evils in s ociety and making them public whether by the government or even organizations. Taking it that one of the disagreeing parties is wrong and that further research should be done to determine who it is can result in no adverse impact on both parties and hence would provide the best option (Hillier, 2009). Having the percentages of the individuals supporting or disagreeing in each category, we may decide that it is true the media mistreat the officers, but unlike the claim, there are other possible reasons as to why this is happening and not the mere reason that the media is in the wrong. Racism is a possible reason why the media may be criticizing the police, and hence it needs to be researched (Chartres, 2008). The decision may also be as a result of the officers view of their job because from the percentages; as much as 96% of those who strongly agree to confess that their job makes them feel either frustrated or angry. Those who don't support the claim have less common feeling of frustration. It is clear now that after incorporating the critical numeracy lens, we don't see the claim as it appeared at first. The claim now has more points of view and even a better meaning. From it, other issues that need attention have emerged among them racism, positive criticism and negative job fe elings. As a result, the topic of media relationship with the officers is better understood and elaborated (Ares Evans, 2017). Close analysis shows that the decisions aforementioned are credible and have a much stronger base as opposed to the claim as it appeared at first. The context is also consistent with one inference directly leads to the other. Racism on the officers' part would result in criticism by the media and, in the same way, negative or offensive criticism by the media would lead to complaints of unfair treatment from the officers. After application of the critical numeracy lens, the context is fair in that it does not favour any of the disagreeing parties and instead seeks to find a central ground for solving the issue (Healy, 2012). None of the parties has been silenced, and therefore everybody is given their say in a society which is the very core of human rights and equality. Therefore, everybody ends up satisfied. It is evident that the mathematization process helps us to read the relationship between the officers and the media and now we can identify problem sources that lead to disagreement (Geiger, 2015). The reputation of the researcher is also not compromised since the new meaning of the context does not demean the findings of the original researcher but instead, makes them more detailed and credible therefore critical numeracy is inevitable in almost every context. The result of critical numeracy is a conviction first to the researcher and then to those reading the text. In the same way we can be able to read the world in the same way by analyzing the issues that emerge every day and by use of critical numeracy lens get to their roots, and by means of the various viewpoints we get, solve the issue in an efficient and informed way ("Critical Numeracy", 2017). Activity for students (beyond the mathematics class) "The foods we eat today are the cause of most of the diseases today." It is a common belief in many parts of the world today that the kinds of food being consumed are the major cause of diseases ranging from lifestyle diseases to even more complex disease types. You are required to find out the terminologies used in the above claim and what they mean, define the key mathematical concepts that can use, processes and procedures for critical numeracy on the above topic (Horsthemke,2007). Meaning-making; explain what the text is about, how mathematical concepts can make sense in the above context; how they can help you better understand the context. Determine what is misleading in this context? Are there any other possible meanings? Given the following information; 65% of those interviewed thinks the above is true, 83% of those whose think its not true are ladies between 18- 40 years, 83% of those who said this is not true confessed they don't do anybody exercise, 15% of those who thought this is true were low-income class, 80% of those who said it's true to think it's the fault of food products manufacturers, 95% of those who thought this were true thought it was the sake of the government. Required; In what ways are the percentages useful in giving the context more meaning? What is the bigger picture(s) that come into play after incorporating the critical numeracy lenses? Mention the various viewpoints visualized after analysis using the critical numeracy lens? Is the context logical, is it consistent? Reference Ares, N. Evans, D. (2017). Mathematics and Numeracy as Social and Spatial Practice. Retrieved 13 March 2017, from Askew, M. (2015). Numeracy for the 21st century: a commentary. ZDM, 47(4), 707-712. Chartres, M. (2008). Are my students engaged with critical mathematics education?. In Mathematics Education and Society Conference (p. 186). Critical Numeracy. (2017). Tas-education.org. Retrieved 13 March 2017, from https://www.tas-education.org/numeracy/critical_numeracy/critical_numeracy.htm Dole, S., Hilton, G., Hilton, A., Goos, M. (2013). Considering Density through a Numeracy Lens: Implications for Science Teaching. 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